Facial anatomy is the basic knowledge for cosmetologists. The skin is as important an organ as the stomach or liver - it protects the body from all kinds of environmental influences. And it is with the right cosmetic effect on the skin of the face that you can not only remain attractive and young for many years, but also healthy - the better the condition of the skin, the stronger the immune system.
The face is a complex connection of muscles, vessels, nerves and veins. The internal structure, which is a rather complex and intricate mechanism.
In order to properly carry out aesthetic and medical procedures, one should take into account a complex of interrelated features of the skull, the placement of facial muscles, as well as their relationship with the lymphatic system, vascular network and the structure of the facial nerves.
The structure of the skull
The human skull is the main protection for the facial muscles and nerves that are responsible for the facial movement of the face. In total, the skull contains 23 bones - that is, 8 paired and 7 unpaired. All of them are divided into 2 groups: facial and brain bones.
The facial bones are smaller paired bones:
- Nasal.
- Palatal.
- Zygomatic.
- Tearful.
- Upper jaw.
- Inferior turbinate.
Unpaired facial bones:
- Trellised.
- Sublingual.
- Coulter.
- Lower jaw.
This group affects the normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive organs. Marrow bones in total consist of paired and unpaired bones.
They are located above the facial section, form some parts of the face, namely:
- Frontal bumps.
- Eye sockets.
- Frontal zone.
- Whiskey.
- Nasal cavities.
Paired bones are the parietal and temporal small bones, and unpaired bones are the frontal, occipital and sphenoid. All parts of the skull are interconnected by special "seams".
Facial muscles
Facial anatomy for cosmetologists pays special attention to the muscular structure - soft tissues that contract when a person is nervously excited.
According to myology, the science of muscles, it is possible to trace 1200 combinations of muscle work on the face, which reflect different states of emotions and well-being. Such facial expressions are possible only with the joint contraction of several muscle groups - different combinations of their work form certain emotions of bliss, pain, disgust, interest or complacency on the face.
Usually, most of the facial muscles are structurally attached to the bone at one end and to the deep layer of the skin at the other.
But on the human face there is a group of 4 deep muscles that are attached to the bone on both sides and provide chewing actions:
Aesthetic cosmetology does not work with such deep muscles, but their condition, tone and activity directly affect the condition of the skin of the face and the shape of the oval.
The facial muscles are characterized by a thin form of structure from a flat fleshy part. They are mostly located in the subcutaneous tissue of the face. With this muscle contraction, several folds are formed, and they are perpendicular to the corresponding fibers.
The main reason why changes in human facial expressions occur is the sensory impact of the nervous system on the work of the muscles, which manifests itself in the corresponding sequential reaction of the muscles on the face.
The change in facial expression is due to the internal state and experiences of a person.
Such changes are possible with the help of 16 major muscle groups:
| Type of muscle | Functions |
| Occipitofrontalis muscle | This muscle includes two paired smaller muscles. She stretches the skin of the forehead, holds the line of the eyebrows. Due to the loss of muscle tone, over time, the eyebrows begin to droop and create sagging eyelids and age lines. With its active activity, transverse folds appear - between the eyebrows and on the forehead. |
| Frontal muscle (upper part) | Controls facial expressions in the area from the outer part of the forehead to the tip of the eyebrow. During her activity, her forehead wrinkles around the entire perimeter. |
| Superciliary muscle | The small muscle responsible for wrinkling the forehead is found among the right and left frontalis muscles, above the inner base of the eyebrows. With its help, a frown, arousal or pain is expressed. Over time, this muscle provokes the appearance of vertical wrinkles on the forehead. |
| Circular muscle of the eye | Anatomically located around the perimeter of the eye. It consists of 3 parts that contract without affecting other parts of the muscle: orbital, eyelid and lacrimal parts. The loss of their elasticity provokes the appearance of "crow's feet". |
| Pyramidal muscle (peduncle of the frontalis muscle) | This muscle is located at the tip of the nose. When it moves, the top of the eyebrow stretches, due to which vertical folds form between them. Its other name is the muscle of threat or proud people. |
| Muscle above the upper lip | Allows you to wrinkle your nose, move your nostrils and the tips of your lips. |
| Alar muscle of the nose | With its contraction, the facial expressions of the tip of the nose change, the nostrils expand. |
| Nasal (transverse) muscle | It covers the entire upper base of the nose; when it is active, mimic wrinkles appear in the form of swallows near the lips. The nasal muscle also pulls the skin of the cheeks with it. |
| Minor zygomatic muscle | The base of the muscle is in the upper part of the cheekbones, and stretches to the soft tissues in the corners of the lips. Lips react to her work, they can rise by 1 cm, and with this movement they create a nasolabial furrow. |
| Large muscle or muscle of laughter | Its beginning is in the back of the zygomatic bone, and the end is in the deep skin tissues near the mouth. When it moves, nasolabial folds appear. Which, in turn, put pressure on the cheeks, because of which they slightly bulge and rise. This movement of the cheeks provokes the appearance of wrinkles near the eyes. |
| buccal muscle | When it contracts, the cheeks puff up. This is the most "safe" muscle, it does not provoke the appearance of facial wrinkles. |
| Muscle that lifts the corners of the mouth | Its base is located in the front of the upper jaw, under the eye, and this muscle ends in the deep tissues above the lip. Due to the fact that it is poorly developed, you can notice its reduction only during strong aggression. |
| Circular muscle around the lip line | Flat muscle, has the shape of a circle, which consists of two semicircles: upper and lower. They join near the lips. These muscles begin to move when eating or talking. |
| Muscle of the corner of the mouth (triangular) | It is located near the chin muscle, its beginning is attached to the lower jaw, and the end is near the skin near the corners of the lips. Its contraction greatly affects facial expressions - the corners of the lips eventually drop and bend the line of the lips. |
| Muscle of the chin or bundle of muscle fibers | Located deep under the skin of the chin. During its contraction, the lower lip rises, which causes tubercles on the chin. |
| Subcutaneous muscle of the neck | Refers to the mimic muscles of the facial group - when this muscle moves, almost all the muscles on the face react. |
The golden rule of all cosmetic procedures is to follow the massage lines.
It is very important for cosmetologists to know the anatomy of facial massage lines.
This ensures the tone and elasticity of the muscles that support the frame of the face and guarantee youthful skin. Cosmetologists recommend adhering to the scheme of massage lines, since they are areas that are least prone to stretching of skin tissues.
If you regularly maintain the tone of the muscles of the face and gently massage along the corresponding massage lines, you can tighten the shape and create a more expressive contour of the oval features.
All muscles during their contraction change facial features, expresses the internal state of a person. Since each muscle is associated with a certain state of mind, which is displayed on the face in the form of a change in its shape, a corresponding facial expression occurs, as a result of which wrinkles and folds appear over time.
lymphatic system
Facial anatomy for cosmetologists focuses on the important role of the normal functioning of the lymphatic system on the condition of the skin.
This system is a very dense capillary network, which is present in all organs and tissues of the body. Violation of the lymphatic system often affects the condition of the skin of the body - it loses its beautiful color, elasticity and velvety. The loss of these qualities due to problems with lymph flow is doubly noticeable in the condition of the skin of the face.
The lymphatic system refers to the vascular system of the body. Under its influence, lymph moves in the body, a transparent liquid, which, like blood, circulates through the human body. 
But the lymphatic system does not have a pump, the function of which in the circulatory system is performed by the heart, and therefore the movement of lymph occurs very slowly - towards the large veins, at a speed of 0.3 mm / s. Therefore, it is always worth activating its work by mechanical action - massages, baths and cosmetic procedures - such manipulations will speed up the work of the glands.
This system cleanses the body.
Important functions of the lymphatic system are:
- Distribution of fluid in the body.
- transport of nutrients from tissues.
- Protection of the body from bacteria, support of immunity.
It consists of:
- Vessels.
- Nodes.
- Duct.
- Tonsil, thymus.
In the human skull, the lymphatic system has 7 groups of nodes:
- Occipital.
- Neck.
- Behind the ear.
- Cheek.
- Submandibular, located in the triangle of the chin.
- Parotid.
- Chin.
Therefore, if the lymphatic vessels are clogged and the system is disrupted, many diseases appear on the skin, which can manifest themselves in the form of acne, boils, and other rashes. 
If you regularly carry out lymphatic drainage procedures, then these manipulations will have a good effect on metabolic processes in the tissues of the body. So, for example, you can reduce swelling of the face, improve its contours and elasticity, normalize the tone of facial muscles with regular massage. It is very important for a cosmetologist to know the direction of the lymph flow on the face.
Since this is a complex network of capillaries, the lymph flow has several directions:
A) The lymph that flows through the tissues of the face enters here with the help of superficial vessels. The lymph flow corresponds to the blood veins.
Superficial lymphatic vessels are grouped into anterior and posterior:
- Posterior vessels supply lymph to the back of the head. There they pass into another group of vessels - the occipital.
- Anterior vessels located simultaneously from the forehead, eyelids, crown and temples. These vessels are connected to the nodes near the ears, through which the lymph continues to move through the vessels down the neck.
B) From the eyelids, from the nose, cheeks and lips, the lymphatic network begins, its movement is partially directed to the submandibular triangle, where the submandibular nodes are located. Another part of these vessels interrupts its circulation in the buccal nodes.
IN) The submental lymph nodes, which are located under the hyoid bone, are supplied with lymph from vessels near the lips and chin.
G) Deep vessels from the hard and soft palate direct their lymph flow to the deep nodes of the parotid gland.
Skin on the face
The skin of the face performs a protective function of the body from the external environment. In order for this protection to take place in the best possible way, cosmetologists do their best to maintain the normal state of the skin of the face, because sagging, wrinkles, rashes or dryness are not only aesthetically ugly, but also signs of deterioration in the motility of cellular metabolism, or malfunction of skin tissues.
Facial anatomy for cosmetologists describes in detail the structure of the facial skin, which consists of many cells, and their healthy state affects the appearance of a person. 
The vital activity of cells is very similar to the life of all creatures - they absorb oxygen, feed, have the ability to multiply. Although cells are the smallest living units, they contain a large number of organelles and elements that ensure the normal life cycle of each cell, and respectively - its owner:
- Ribosomes provide protein synthesis in the cell.
- The centrosome takes part in the regeneration of nutrients.
- Lysosomes are responsible for metabolism and nutrient absorption.
- Cytoplasm - retains the activity of all useful substances in the cell, except for the nucleus.
- Microvilli are responsible for transporting substances from the cell through the membrane.
- The nucleus - stores information about hereditary traits.
The epidermis is the first upper layer of the skin of the face, it serves as the main protective barrier, responsible for getting a tan from the sun. Almost all cosmetic procedures are aimed specifically at maintaining the elasticity and tone of this particular layer of the skin. The epidermis in its structure has several layers of cells - the lower, spiny, granular, flattering and horny.
The last layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, is the topmost, and consists of dozens of corneocytes - cells that are the most mature on the face, and therefore any metabolic processes stop in them. These cells are already old, and therefore contain a small amount of water, keratin and do not have nuclei.
Their main function is to create a protective barrier against external factors for the skin of the face. Usually, within 28 days, the old cells are shed, and new ones grow in their place - there is a constant process of the appearance of new cells and the exfoliation of old ones. Most mechanical and chemical peels work at this level. The second layer of facial skin is the dermis.
It consists of two levels:
- mesh layer- the level at which the networks of lymphatic and blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and all fibers are located - they are responsible for the smoothness of the skin.
- papillary layer concentrates nerve endings, outgrowths and capillaries.
You can do any procedures on this layer of skin with the help of deeply drooping products with active ingredients. Most cosmetics are surface products, so only a special education will help you choose the composition of products that will penetrate through the epidermis to the dermis.
The dermis is responsible for the production of elastin and collagen in skin cells. Therefore, when deep wrinkles appear, there is an immediate need to act on this layer of the skin, to ensure its elasticity, to strengthen it. 
The third, deepest, layer - subcutaneous fat, is responsible for storing nutrients. which directly affect the condition of the skin. This layer of skin is made up of many nerve and blood vessels, as well as fatty deposits. The need to act on this layer of the skin occurs with beriberi, when the face loses its healthy color.
Vascular and nervous tissue of the face
Facial anatomy necessarily teaches the location of the vascular network on the human face - small venous ducts that supply facial tissues with important nutrients. For cosmetologists, the problem of blood vessels, or rosacea, is the most common complaint for which women turn to aesthetic medicine for help.
Couperose is a genetic predisposition of almost every person to the manifestation of redness and irregularities on the skin of the face. But for everyone, this property of the skin has different forms, and can be more or less noticeable.
The first signs of "asterisks", "veins" can appear even in childhood, and only proper treatment and maintenance of vascular health can save the problem from aggravating. If a girl has such a predisposition, then there is a chance that the rosacea network after 30 years will become very noticeable.
Treatment of facial skin rosacea requires a systematic approach - you need to regularly add aromatic oils to your daily care - this will strengthen the walls of blood vessels and prevent their potential damage, for example, during stressful situations.
If the problem of rosacea already has a more pronounced condition, then the treatment procedure requires the use of hardware cosmetology:
An important knowledge in aesthetic cosmetology is also the structure of the nervous tissue - an ectodermal formation of nerve cells, neurons. Its main task is the excitability and conduction of nerve receptors and impulses from a particular organ to the central nervous system. They form a network of nerve nodes that perceive any irritation upon contact with them.
If the vascular or nervous system is damaged during the procedure, facial symmetry can be broken or a muscle or nerve can be pinched.
Knowledge of the location of the vascular and neural networks on the face is a very important skill for a cosmetologist - when performing any injection technique, it is necessary to clearly understand where the cords of large vessels and nerve tissues pass in order to avoid further dangerous manipulations in these areas.
facial nerves
One of the important points of the anatomy of the face is the structure of the facial nerves - an unsuccessfully performed procedure can cause a certain form of deformation or asymmetry of the face after the procedure. Along with muscles, the facial nerves are responsible for facial expressions, and it is often nerve disease that can cause facial distortion.
Facial anatomy for cosmetologists describes the structure of the facial nerve as one of the most difficult topics to study, since its scheme is very confusing - the facial nerve is 7 of the 12 cranial nerves, which affects the activity of the facial muscles of the face. 
Its complex topography is explained not only by the extension of this nerve through the facial canal from the temporal bone, but also by the constant complication of its circuit due to permanent processes in other directions:
- The nerve itself is made up of fibers that run from several nuclei: motor fibers, sensory fibers, and secretory fibers. Then it penetrates into the opening of the ear canal.
- From the parotid gland, 4 branches of the nerves begin: the posterior auricular nerve, stylohyoid, digastric and lingual.
- 5 more branches depart from the parotid salivary gland: temporal, zygomatic, buccal branches, marginal branch of the lower jaw and cervical.
The anatomy of the facial nerve is an intricate system of small channels in the face that send signal responses to specific parts of the head or neck. The facial nerve is mainly responsible for the motor function of the muscles in the face.
Knowledge of the functions of each branch of this nerve is very important for cosmetologists - this is the only way to determine the main problem of impaired sensitivity and facial expressions, and determine the subsequent treatment tactics.
Article formatting: Mila Fridan
Video about the structure of the face
Anatomy of the muscles of the face:
The facial nerve is the seventh pair of twelve cranial nerves, which includes motor, secretory and proprioceptive fibers; he is responsible for the work of the facial muscles of the tongue, innervates the glands of external secretion and is responsible for the sensation of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Location and zones of innervation
The topographic anatomy of the facial nerve is quite confusing. This is due to its complex anatomy and the fact that in its length it goes through the facial canal of the temporal bone, gives and receives processes (branches).
The facial nerve begins not from one, but simultaneously from three nuclei: the nucleus motorius nervi facialis (motor fibers), the nucleus solitaries (sensory fibers) and the nucleus salivatorius superior (secretory fibers). Further, the facial nerve penetrates through the auditory opening into the thickness of the temporal bone directly into the internal auditory meatus. At this stage, fibers of the intermediate nerve are attached.
With various head injuries in the facial canal of the temporal bone, a pinched nerve occurs. Also in this anatomical formation is a thickening called the geniculate ganglion.
Then the facial nerve enters the base of the skull through an opening near the stylomastoid process, where the following branches are separated from it: the posterior auricular nerve, stylohyoid, lingual and digastric branches. They are called so because they innervate the corresponding muscles or organs.
After the facial nerve leaves the canal, it passes through the parotid salivary gland, where it divides into its main branches.
Each branch sends nerve signals to its own "section" of the head and neck.
Branches that arise in front of the parotid salivary gland
Branches that originate in the thickness of the parotid salivary gland
| Branch | Innervation zone |
|---|---|
| temporal | It is divided into back, middle and front. Responsible for the work of the circular muscle of the eye, the frontal belly of the supracranial muscle and the muscle that raises the eyebrow. |
| Zygomatic | Ensures the proper functioning of the zygomatic muscle and the circular muscle of the eye. |
| buccal branches | It transmits impulses to the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscles that raise and lower the corner of the mouth, the muscle of laughter and the large zygomatic. Almost completely control human facial expressions. |
| Marginal branch of the lower jaw | When it is pinched, the lower lip stops falling and the chin muscle does not work. |
| cervical | It goes down and is an integral part of the cervical plexus, which is responsible for the work of the neck muscles. |
Knowing the function of individual branches of the facial nerve and their topography, it is possible to determine the location of the lesion. This is very useful for diagnosing and choosing treatment tactics.
Diseases
According to ICD 10, the most common diseases of the facial nerve are neuropathy and neuritis. According to the localization of damage, peripheral and central lesions of the facial nerve are distinguished.
Neuritis or paresis is a pathological condition of an inflammatory nature, and neuropathy of the facial nerve has a different etiology.
The most common cause of these diseases is hypothermia. Everyone knows that if the nerve is stiff, then it starts to hurt, and the facial muscles become naughty. Also, etiological factors include infections (poliomyelitis, herpes virus, measles), craniocerebral trauma and pinching of certain parts of the nerve (especially at the exit of the nerve), vascular disorders of the brain (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, atherosclerotic changes), inflammatory diseases of nearby areas of the head and neck.
Damage to the facial nerve is primarily accompanied by paresis or paralysis of the facial muscles. These symptoms are due to the large predominance of motor fibers.
If the facial nerve is damaged in the peripheral parts, then the patient has a pronounced asymmetry of the face. It is more pronounced with various facial movements. The patient has a lowered corner of the mouth, on the damaged side the skin in the forehead is not folded. The symptom of "sailing" of the cheek and the symptom of Bell are pathognomonic.
In addition to movement disorders, patients complain of intense pain that occurs first in the mastoid region, and then “moves” along the course of the facial nerve and its branches.
Of the autonomic disorders, there is a decrease or a pathological increase in the discharge of the lacrimal gland, a transient hearing disorder, taste disturbances in the region of the innervation of the lingual branch, and a violation of salivation.
Most often, the defeat of the facial nerve is unilateral and in such cases the asymmetry is very noticeable.
With the central localization of damage, the facial muscles stop working on the side that is opposite to the pathological focus. The musculature of the lower part of the face is most often affected.
Therapy Methods
Treatment of various diseases of the facial nerve includes medical, surgical, and sometimes folk methods. The fastest results are obtained by a combination of all these areas of treatment.
If you seek medical help in the initial stages of the disease, then the chances of a full recovery without relapse are quite high. In the case when the patient tries to treat himself without any effect, in most cases the disease becomes chronic.
It is also important to establish the etiological factor for the choice of treatment tactics and the expected prognosis. If, for example, neuritis of the facial nerve is caused by the herpes simplex virus, then etiotropic therapy will be zovirax, acyclovir. When pinched as a result of a traumatic brain injury, first of all, surgical treatment should be resorted to.
Conservative therapy
Medical treatment is more symptomatic than radical.
In order to relieve inflammation, it is necessary to prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, meloxicam, nimesulide) or hormonal glucocorticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone).
To reduce edema and, as a result, reduce pressure on the nerve, diuretics (furosemide, spironolactone) are used. With prolonged use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium preparations should be prescribed to maintain electrolyte balance.
To improve blood circulation and nutrition of the damaged area, neuropathologists prescribe vasodilators. For the same purpose, various warming ointments are used.
To restore the structure of the nerve fiber after it is pinched, you can 
use preparations of B vitamins and metabolic agents.
Physiotherapy is a general therapeutic method of treatment. Her various methods are prescribed within a week after the start of medication. UHF of weak thermal intensity is used as a source of dry heat. To improve the local penetration of drugs, electrophoresis with dibazol, B vitamins, prozerin is used. The electrodes can be placed directly on the skin or in the nasal passages (intranasal).
The facial nerve is a rather complex anatomical formation and its full recovery can take a long time.
Surgical methods
Surgical treatment is indicated when conservative therapy does not bring the expected results. Most often, it is resorted to in cases where there is a complete or partial rupture of the nerve fiber. But good results from surgery can be expected for those patients who seek help during the first year.
In many cases, autotransplantation of the facial nerve is performed, that is, the doctor takes a part from a large nerve trunk and replaces the damaged tissue with it. Most often this is the femoral nerve, since its anatomy and topography are convenient for this procedure.
Also, surgical treatment is resorted to if conservative therapy has not yielded results within ten months.
In case of pinching due to the progression of the oncological process, maxillofacial surgeons first of all remove the tumor or enlarged lymph nodes.
Folk ways
Various inflammatory processes, including pinching of the facial nerve, can also be treated with traditional medicine. Not desirable 
use only this type of treatment, but alternative methods work very well as additional means.
To restore muscle function and improve the conduction of nerve impulses, you can do acupressure Chinese massage. Stroking movements should be made in three directions - from the zygomatic bone to the nose, upper jaw and eyeball.
It should be remembered that neuropathy of the facial nerve is well treated with dry heat. For this purpose, it is recommended to tie a knitted woolen scarf around at night or attach a bag to the affected area in salt or fine sand heated in a pan.
Be sure to do therapeutic exercises several times a day - raise your eyebrows, puff out your cheeks, frown, smile, stretch your lips into a tube.
Chamomile infusion can be applied in the form of compresses. Chamomile is anti-inflammatory and reduces pain. For the same purpose, fresh juice of horseradish or radish is used.
Temporoparietal muscle, m. temporoparietalis. Start: inner side of the cartilage of the auricle. attachment: lateral part of the tendon helmet. Function: pulls the scalp back, raises eyebrows, narrows the palpebral fissure. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. auricularis posterior, a. temporalis superfacialis, a. supraorbitalis.
Muscle of the proud, m. procerus. Start: outer surface of the nasal bone. attachment: forehead skin. Function: forms transverse furrows and folds. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. angularis, a. supratrochlearis.
Circular muscle of the eye, m. orbicularis oculi. Start: secular part - the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The orbital part is the nasal part of the frontal bone. The lacrimal part is the lacrimal ridge and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. Function: sphincter of the palpebral fissure, the secular part closes the eyelids, the orbital part forms folds on the skin in the orbit, shifts the eyebrow down, the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. frontalis, a. supraorbitalis, a. temporalis superfacialis.
Nasal muscle, m. nasalis. Start: - upper jaw. Function: the transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils, the alar part pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, expanding the nostrils. innervation:m. facialis. blood supply: a. labialis superior, a. angularis.
The muscle that lowers the nasal septum, m. depressor septi nasi. Start: above the medial maxillary incisor. attachment: cartilaginous part of the nasal septum. Function: pulls the nasal septum down. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. labialis superior.
Circular muscle of the mouth, m. orbicularis oris. Function: closes the oral fissure, participates in the act of sucking and chewing. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a.a. labiales superior et inferior, a. mentalis.
Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth, m. depressor labii inferioris. Start: lower edge of the mandible. attachment: corner of the mouth, upper lip. Function: pulls the corners of the mouth down. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a.a. labiales superior et inferior, a. mentalis.
Chin muscle, m. mentalis. Start: below the roots of the lower incisors. attachment: chin skin. Function: lifts the skin of the chin. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. labialis inferior, a. mentalis.
Muscle that lifts the upper lip, m. levator labii superioris. Start: infraorbital margin of the upper jaw. attachment: upper lip, wing of the nose. Function: raises the upper lip and wing of the nose. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. buccalis.
Minor zygomatic muscle, m. zygomaticus minor. Start: in front of the outer surface of the zygomatic bone. attachment: nasolabial fold. Function: deepens the specified crease. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. infraorbitalis, a. buccalis.
Large zygomatic muscle, m. zygomaticus major. Start: outer surface of the zygomatic bone. attachment: corner of the mouth. Function: in essence - the muscle of laughter. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. infraorbitalis, a. buccalis
Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth, m. levator anguli oris. Start: canine fossa. attachment: corner of the mouth. Function: pulls the corner of the mouth up. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. infraorbitalis.
Laughter muscle, m. risorius. Start: fascia of the parotid gland, cheek skin. attachment: corner of the mouth. Function: laughter. innervation:n. facialis. blood supply: a. facialis, a. transversa faciei.
36. Chewing muscles. Anatomy, topography, functions, blood supply, innervation.
chewing muscle, t. masseter, divided into two parts: superficial (large) and deep (smaller). Surface partstarts thick tendon from the zygomatic process of the upper jaw and the anterior two-thirds of the zygomatic arch; bundles her attached to masticatory tuberosity of the lower jaw. deep part muscles starts from the posterior third of the lower edge and the entire inner surface of the zygomatic arch. Its bundles run almost vertically from top to bottom and attached to the lateral surface of the coronoid process of the lower jaw to its base. Function: raises the lower jaw, the superficial part of the muscle is also involved in pushing the lower jaw forward. innervation:n. trigeminus. blood supply: a. masseterica, a. transversa faciei.
temporalis muscle,n. temporalis, starts from the entire surface of the temporal fossa, with the exception of a small area belonging to the zygomatic bone; from the inner surface of the temporal fascia. Muscle bundles continue into a thick tendon, which attached to the coronoid process of the lower jaw. Function: raises the lower jaw. The posterior muscle bundles pull the protruding lower jaw backwards. innervation:n. trigeminus. blood supply: aa. temporales profunda anterior et superficialis.
medial pterygoid muscle,t. pterygoideus medialis, starts in the pterygoid fossa of the same-named process of the sphenoid bone.
The muscle bundles continue into a highly developed tendon plate, which attached to pterygoid tuberosity on the inner surface of the angle of the lower jaw. Function: raises the lower jaw, pushes the lower jaw forward. innervation:n. trigeminus. blood supply: a. maxillaris, a. facialis.
lateral pterygoid muscle,t. pterygoideus lateralis, starts two heads - upper and lower. The upper head begins on the maxillary surface and from the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, the lower one - from the outer surface of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the same bone. Bundles of both heads of the muscle attached to the anterior surface of the neck of the lower jaw, the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint and to the articular disc. Function: with bilateral contraction of the muscle, the lower jaw moves forward. The muscle pulls forward the articular capsule and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint; with unilateral contraction, it displaces the lower jaw in the opposite direction. innervation:n. trigeminus. blood supply: a. maxillaris, a. facialis.
chewing fascia, fascia masseterica, covers the muscle of the same name, firmly growing together with its superficial bundles. At the top, it is attached to the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch, in front it passes into the buccal-pharyngeal fascia, and behind it is fused with the capsule of the parotid gland.
temporal fascia, fascia temporalis, It is represented by a dense fibrous plate that covers the temporal muscle and fuses closely with it. It starts on the lateral surface of the skull from the temporal line and tendon helmet. Above the zygomatic arch, the temporal fascia is divided into two plates - superficial and deep.
surface plate, lamina superficialis, attached to the lateral surface of the zygomatic arch, and the deep plate, lamina profunda,- to its medial surface. Between these plates is a small amount of fatty tissue, blood vessels and nerves pass.
Buccal-pharyngeal fascia, fascia buccopharyngea, covers the buccal muscle and continues on the lateral wall of the pharynx; relatively underdeveloped. The compacted section of this fascia, stretched between the pterygoid hook of the sphenoid bone above and the lower jaw below, forms the pterygomandibular suture.
In order to safely carry out any injection techniques for facial rejuvenation, it is necessary to know exactly the danger zones where the branches of the nerves and large vessels pass. Today we will tell you in detail how the mimic muscles of the face are located, we will dwell on the features of the blood supply and innervation of the zones in which it is necessary to carry out aesthetic correction.
With age, the appearance and outlines of the face change. The reason for such changes is the weakening of the muscles of the face and neck, which decrease in volume and deform, while their tone decreases. This entails the need for the introduction of fillers and botulinum toxins.
For a safer work of a cosmetologist, the performance of any cosmetic procedures or manipulations of the face area inevitably requires knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the formations of this zone. the site will not only describe, but also demonstrate the video lesson "anatomy of facial aging for cosmetologists".
Anatomical structures: nerves, vessels, vessels of the face
There are several important aspects of facial anatomy for cosmetologists that need to be assessed by a doctor before starting work:
1. Using botulinum toxin in work, it is necessary to clearly understand and imagine the work of facial muscles, the place of origin and attachment of the muscle, its size, strength, number of muscle bundles and fibers, interlacing and interaction of muscles with each other.
2. Working with needles requires precise knowledge of the location of the vessels, possible places of their damage or puncture, pressure points in emergency cases.
3. Knowledge of the innervation of the face, the difference between the sensory and motor branches of the nerves sometimes becomes a decisive factor in determining the cause of deformation or asymmetry on the face.
Nerves of the face anatomy
Motor innervation of the face(innervation of the facial muscles) is provided by the branches of the facial nerve (n.facialis):
- rr.colii cervical branches - innervation of platysma;
- rr.marginalis mandibulae extreme branches of the lower jaw - innervation of the muscles of the chin and lower lip;
- rr.buccalis buccal branches - innervate the muscle of the same name and the muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth;
- rr.zygomatici zygomatic branches - innervate the large and small zygomatic muscles, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and wings of the nose, the partially circular muscle of the eye and the cheek muscle;
- rr.temporalis temporal branches - innervate the circular muscle of the eye, the muscle wrinkling the eyebrow, the frontal muscle and the anterior part of the ear.
- Sensitive innervation of the face and neck is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. trigeminus), supratrochlear (n. supratrochlearis), supraorbital (suprorbitalis), infraorbital (n.infraorbitalis) and chin (n.mentalis) nerves.
Blood supply of the face anatomy
The blood supply to the face is carried out to a greater extent by the branches of the external carotid artery (a.carotis externa): a.facialis, a.temporalis superfacialis, a.maxillaris.
In the region of the orbit, there is an anastomosis between the external and internal carotid arteries using a.ophtalmica. The vascular network on the face is very developed, which, on the one hand, ensures perfect nutrition of all areas, and on the other hand, it means that an injury to one of the vessels can lead to severe bleeding.
Mimic facial muscles anatomy
The name "mimic muscles" is functional. In the course of evolution, they transformed from specially adapted structures for capturing food, acute smell and hearing into facial muscles, the contraction of which moves the skin of the face in accordance with the psycho-emotional state of a person, and is also responsible for the articulation of speech;
Mimic muscles are mainly concentrated around the natural openings on the face, expanding or closing them;
The most complex structure and the greatest number are the muscles surrounding the oral cavity;
In accordance with their development, the facial muscles have a close relationship with the skin of the face, into which they are woven with one or two ends. For us, this is important because in the process of skin aging, loss of elasticity and firmness, they cannot adequately contract, the muscular frame weakens. This underlies skin ptosis and the appearance of mimic wrinkles on the face;
Most often, botulinum toxin injections occur on the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, the circular muscle of the eye, the circular muscle of the mouth, the muscles that lower the corner of the mouth and lower lip, the chin muscle, since their active contraction causes a reflection of our psycho-emotional state in facial expressions.
Your attention is invited to a visual representation of the location of anatomically important formations in the face from the site:
We hope that by paying attention to how the mimic muscles of the face work, how blood vessels and nerve endings pass, you will be able to work more confidently and bring amazing aesthetic results to your patients!
Facial blood supply carried out mainly external carotid artery(a. carotis externa) and through its branches: facial artery(a. Facialis), superficial temporal artery(a. temporalis superficialis) and maxillary artery(a. Maxillaris). In addition, the blood supply to the face is also involved ophthalmic artery(a. Ophthalmica) internal carotid artery from a. carotis interna. Between the arteries of the systems of the internal and external carotid arteries, there are anastomoses in the region of the orbit.
Vessels of the face form an abundant network with well-developed anastomoses, as a result of which facial wounds bleed heavily. However, due to the good blood supply to the soft tissues, facial wounds usually heal quickly. As in the vault of the skull, the arteries of the face are located in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, in contrast to other areas.
Mimic muscles: occipitofrontalis muscle- occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries. Muscle of the proud- angular and frontal arteries. Eyebrow wrinkling muscle- frontal, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries. Circular muscle of the eye- facial, superficial temporal, infraorbital and supraorbital arteries. nasal muscle- superior labial and angular arteries. Muscle that depresses the nasal septum- superior labial artery. Orbicular muscle of the mouth- superior and inferior labial arteries, mental artery. Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; muscle that lowers the lower lip; chin muscle- inferior labial and mental arteries. Muscle that lifts the upper lip- infraorbital and superior labial arteries . Large zygomatic muscle; zygomatic minor- infraorbital, buccal arteries. Muscle that lifts the corner of the mouth- infraorbital artery. Laughter muscle- facial artery and transverse artery of the face. buccal muscle- buccal artery. Anterior ear muscle; upper ear muscle; posterior ear muscle- superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery.
53. Internal carotid artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply.
internal carotid artery(a.carotis interna) supplies blood to the organ of vision and the brain. There are cervical, stony, cavernous and cerebral parts.
Neck part located between the pharynx and the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein and does not give off branches on the neck. Closer to the base of the skull between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein are the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves.
rocky part passes in the carotid canal of the pyramid of the temporal bone, where 2-3 thin carotid-tympanic arteries leave the artery into the tympanic cavity through the carotid-tympanic tubules. Then the internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity through the internal opening of the carotid canal, lies in the carotid groove, where it passes in the cavernous sinus (cavernous part), surrounded by the sympathetic nerve, the oculomotor, accessory, abducent and ophthalmic nerves lie lateral.
brain part begins near the anterior inclined process of the sphenoid bone. The internal carotid artery bends and gives off the ophthalmic artery, pierces the dura mater, passes between the optic and oculomotor nerves, heading to the stuff of the brain, where it divides into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
ophthalmic artery(a.ophtalmicus) goes into the orbit through the optic canal, next to the optic nerve. It gives thin branches to the eyeball and to the auxiliary organs of the eye. lacrimal artery(a.lacrimalis) goes to the lacrimal gland; short and long posterior ciliary arteries penetrate into the eyeball, to its choroid; central retinal artery(a.centralis retinae) - to the retina; muscular arteries(aa.musculares) - to the muscles of the eye; supraorbital artery(a.supraorbitalis), leaving the orbit in the forehead; dorsal nasal artery(a.dorsali nasi), going to the back of the nose; medial arteries of the eyelids.
Anterior cerebral artery(a.cerebri anterior) departs from the internal carotid artery just above the beginning of the ophthalmic artery, goes forward, at the level of the optic chiasm it connects to the anterior cerebral artery of the opposite side with the participation of the anterior communicating artery. Lies on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, turns up, bends around the knee of the corpus callosum, goes backwards to the occipital lobe of the brain. It gives off branches going to the basal nuclei, to the cortex of the adjacent parts of the frontal, parietal lobes, to the olfactory bulb, to the olfactory tract and to the corpus callosum.
Middle cerebral artery(a.cerebri media) goes into the lateral sulcus of the brain and gives off the cortical and central branches.
Anterior villous artery(a.choroidea anterior) goes posteriorly near the brain stem, penetrates into the lower horn of the lateral ventricle, where it participates in the formation of the choroid plexus.
Posterior communicating artery(a.communicans posterior) goes posteriorly and medially and connects to the posterior cerebral artery.
The internal carotid artery, together with its branches, anastomosing with the arteries of the same name on the opposite side, form the arterial ( Velisian) circle big brain.