trapezius muscle, t. Trapezius. It starts with short tendon bundles from the external occipital protrusion, the medial third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, from the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the VII cervical vertebra and all thoracic vertebrae, and from the supraspinous ligament. From the places where the muscle bundles begin, they are directed, noticeably converging, in the lateral direction and are attached to the bones of the shoulder girdle.
Function: brings the scapula closer to the spine; upper bundles of muscle raise the scapula; the upper and lower bundles rotate the scapula around the sagittal axis. innervation:n. accessorius, plexus cervicelis blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. occipitalis, a. suprascapularis, aa. intercostales posteriores.
Latissimus dorsi muscle, m. latissimus dorsi. Start: Spinous processes of six lower thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, dorsal surface of sacrum, iliac crest labrum, ribs IX-XII. attachment: Ridge of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Function: Leads the shoulder, pulls it backwards, turns inwards. With fixed arms, pulls the torso towards them. innervation:n. thoracodorsalis blood supply: a. thoracodorsalis, a. circumflexa humeri posterior. a.a. Intercostals posterior
Muscle that lifts the scapula, m. levator scapulae. Start: Transverse processes of the four upper cervical vertebrae. attachment: Upper angle of the scapula. Function: Raises the superior angle of the scapula and pulls it medially. innervation: n.dorsalis scapulae. blood supply: fu transversa cervicis, a.cervicalis ascendes
Minor and major rhomboid muscles, mm. rhomboidei minor et major. Start: Spinous processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae. attachment: Medial edge of the scapula below and above its spine. Function: Pulls the scapula to the spinal column upwards, presses the scapula to the chest (together with the serratus anterior muscle). innervation:n. dorsalis scapulae. blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. suprascapularis, aa. Intercostals posteriores.
Serratus posterior superior, m.
serratus posterior superior. Start: Spinous processes of VI-VII cervical and I-II thoracic vertebrae. attachment: II-V ribs, outward from the corners. Function: Raises II-V ribs, participates in the act of inhalation. innervation:n. dorsalis scapulae. blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. suprascapularis, aa. Intercostals posteriores.Serratus posterior inferior, m. serratus posterior inferior. Start: Spinous processes of XI-XII thoracic and I-II lumbar vertebrae. attachment: Lower edges of ribs IX-XII. Function: Lowers the IX-XII ribs, participates in the act of exhalation. innervation: nn. Intercostals. blood supply: a.a. Intercostal posters.
Belt muscle of the head, m. splenius capitis. Start: lower part of the nuchal ligament, spinous processes of the VII cervical and upper 3-4 thoracic vertebrae. attachment: Superior nuchal line, mastoid process of the temporal bone. Function: Turns and tilts his head to his side. innervation blood supply
Belt muscle of the neck, m. splenius cervicis. Start: Spinous processes of III-IV thoracic vertebrae. attachment: transverse processes of 2-3 upper cervical vertebrae. Function: turns the cervical part of the spine in its direction, with bilateral contraction, it unbends the cervical part of the spine. innervation: posterior branches of the spinal nerves. blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. cervicalis profunda.
superficial fascia, covering the trapezius and latissimus dorsi, is weakly expressed. Well developed thoracic fascia fascia thoracolumbalis, which covers the deep muscles of the back.
Vaginal fascia, fascia nuchae, is located in the back of the neck, between the superficial and deep layers of muscles. Medially, it grows together with the nuchal ligament, laterally passes into the superficial sheet of the fascia of the neck, and is attached to the upper nuchal line at the top.
Lumbar-thoracic fascia, fascia thoracolumbalis forms a dense fibrous sheath in which deep back muscles lie. This fascia consists of two sheets - deep (anterior) and superficial (rear).
They form on each side two longitudinal muscular tracts - lateral and medial, which lie in the grooves between the spinous and transverse processes and the corners of the ribs.
In their deep parts, closest to the skeleton, they consist of short muscles located in segments between individual vertebrae (medial tract); the long muscles lie more superficially (lateral tract).
In the posterior cervical region, in addition, over both tracts lies m. splenius. All these muscles have a common origin from the spinal muscles, which in amphibians consist of a number of myomers, but, starting from reptiles, only a part of the spinal muscles retains a metameric structure, linking individual vertebrae (muscles of the medial tract); the part is connected to each other to form long muscles (lateral tract).
M. splenitis capitis et cervicis, belt muscle, starts from the spinous processes of the five lower cervical and six upper thoracic vertebrae: the head of the muscle, m. splenius capitis, is attached to the linea nuchae superior and to the mastoid process, and the cervical part, m. splenius cervicis - to the transverse processes of the II-III cervical vertebrae.
Function. With a contraction of one muscle, the head turns in the direction of contraction, and with a bilateral contraction, the muscles deflect the head back and unbend the cervical spine.
Lateral tract
Characteristic for it is the attachment of muscles to the transverse processes of the vertebrae and ribs or their rudiments.
1. M. erector spinae, muscle, straightening the spine (spina, lat. - spine), starts from the sacrum, spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, crista iliaca and fascia thoracolumbalis. From here, the muscle extends to the back of the head and is divided into 3 parts according to attachment:
a) to the ribs - m. iliocostalis, iliac costalis muscle(lateral part of m. erector spinae);
b) to the transverse processes - m. longissimus, longissimus muscle(middle part of m. erector spinae) and processus mastoideus (head section);
c) to the spinous processes - m. spinalis, spinous muscle(medial part of m. erector spinae).
2. The lateral tract also includes individual bundles laid between the transverse processes of two adjacent vertebrae: they are expressed in the most mobile parts of the spinal column - in the cervical (mm. intertransversarii posteriores cervicis) and lumbar (mm. intertransversarii mediales lumborum).
medial tract
The muscles of this tract lie under the lateral and consist of separate bundles that go obliquely from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae to the spinous processes of the overlying ones, which is why they receive the common name m. transversospinalis. The more superficial the muscles, the steeper and longer the course of their fibers and the greater the number of vertebrae they are thrown over.
Accordingly, they distinguish: the surface layer, m. semispinalis, semispinalis muscle, its bundles are thrown over 5-6 vertebrae; middle layer, mm. multffidi, multifidus muscles, their bundles are thrown over 3-4 vertebrae, and deep layer, mm. rotatores, rotators, they pass through one vertebra or to the next one. The medial tract also includes muscle bundles located between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae - m. interspinals, interspinous muscles, which are expressed only in the most mobile parts of the spinal column - in the cervical and lumbar.
In the most mobile place of the spinal column in its joint with the occipital bone, m. transversospinalis achieves special development; here it consists of 4 paired muscles - two oblique and two straight, which are located under m. semispinalis and m. longissimus.
The oblique muscles are divided into upper and lower. Upper m. obliquus capitis superior, goes from the transverse process of the atlas to the linea nuchae inferior. lower, m. obliquus capitis inferior, goes from the spinous process of the II cervical vertebra to the transverse process of the I cervical. The rectus muscles are divided into large and small. Big, m. rectus capitis posterior major, goes from the spinous process of the II cervical vertebra to linea nuchae inferior.
Malaya, m. rectus capitis posterior minor, goes to the same line from the tuberculum posterius I of the cervical vertebra. With a unilateral contraction, they participate in the corresponding turns of the head, and with a bilateral contraction, they pull it back.
The function of the autochthonous muscles of the back in their entirety lies in the fact that these muscles straighten the body. When contracted on one side, simultaneously with the flexors of the same side, these muscles tilt the spinal column and, along with it, the body to their side. Oblique bundles of autochthonous muscles, rotatores, multifidi, produce rotation of the spinal column. The upper sections of the muscles closest to the skull are involved in the movements of the head. Deep spinal muscles are also involved in respiratory movements. Bottom part m. iliocostalis lowers the ribs while the upper part raises them.
It should be noted that m. erector spinae contracts not only when the spine is extended, but also when the torso is flexed, providing smooth movement.
innervation- posterior branches of the spinal nerves, respectively nn. cervicales, thoracici and lumbales.
Deep back muscles of ventral origin
1. mm. levatores costarum, muscles that lift the ribs, are similar to the muscle bundles of the external intercostal muscles, displaced towards the spinal column. They exist only in the thoracic region and lie under m. erector spinae. Contrary to the name, the action of these muscles as lifters of the ribs is hardly significant; they are mainly involved in the tilting of the spinal column to the side. Innervation from nn. intercostals.
2. The muscles of ventral origin also include the remains of the intercostal muscles in the form of muscle bundles located between the rudiments of the ribs (anterior tubercles) of the cervical vertebrae (mm. intertransversarii anteribres cervicis) and between the transverse processes of the lumbar (mm. intertransversarii laterales lumborum).
SURFACE MUSCLES OF THE BACK
The superficial muscles of the back are attached to the skeleton of the shoulder girdle and to the humerus and are arranged in two layers (Fig. 116, 117). The first layer is made up of the trapezius muscle a and the latissimus dorsi muscle, the second is the large and small rhomboid muscles and the muscle that lifts the scapula.
trapezius muscle,T.trapezius, flat, triangular in shape, with a wide base facing the posterior median line, occupies the upper back and back of the neck. It starts with short tendon bundles from the external occipital protrusion, the medial third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, from the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the VII cervical vertebra and all thoracic vertebrae, and from the supraspinous ligament. From the places where the muscle bundles begin, they are directed, noticeably converging, in the lateral direction and are attached to the bones of the shoulder girdle. The upper bundle "and muscles pass down and laterally, end on the posterior surface of the outer third of the clavicle. The middle bundles are oriented horizontally, pass from the spinous processes of the vertebrae outward and attach to the acromion and scapular spine. The lower bundles of muscle follow upward and laterally, pass into the tendon plate, which is attached to the scapular spine.The tendon origin of the trapezius muscle is more pronounced at the level of the lower border of the neck, where the muscle has the greatest width.At the level of the spinous process of the VII cervical vertebra, the muscles of both sides form a well-defined tendon platform, which is found as an impression in a living
person.
The trapezius muscle is located superficially throughout its entire length, its upper lateral edge forms the back side of the lateral triangle of the neck. The lower lateral edge of the trapezius muscle crosses the latissimus dorsi muscle and the medial edge of the scapula from the outside, forming the medial border of the so-called auscultatory triangle. The lower border of the latter runs along the upper edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle, and the lateral one - along the lower edge of the rhomboid muscle (the size of the triangle increases with the arm bent forward at the shoulder joint, when the scapula is displaced laterally and anteriorly).
Function: simultaneous contraction of all parts of the trapezius muscle with a fixed spine brings the scapula closer to the spine; upper bundles of muscle raise the scapula; upper and lower beams with simultaneous reduction,. forming a pair of forces, rotate the scapula around the sagittal axis: the lower angle of the scapula is displaced forward and in the lateral direction, and the lateral angle - upward and medially. With a strengthened shoulder blade and contraction on both sides, the muscle unbends the cervical spine and tilts the head back; with unilateral contraction, it slightly turns the face in the opposite direction.
Innervation: n. accessorius, plexus cervicalis (C m - C, v) -
Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. occipitalis, a. suprascapularis, aa. intercostales posteriores.
latissimus dorsi muscle,T.latissimus dorsi, flat, triangular in shape, occupies the lower half of the back on the corresponding side.
The muscle lies superficially, with the exception of the upper edge, which is hidden under the lower part of the trapezius muscle. Below, the lateral edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle forms the medial side of the lumbar triangle (the lateral side of this triangle forms the edge of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, the lower one - the iliac crest, see Fig. 117). It begins with an aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae (together with the superficial plate of the lumbothoracic fascia), from the iliac crest and the median sacral crest. The muscle bundles follow upward and laterally, converging towards the lower border of the axillary fossa. At the top, muscle bundles are attached to the muscle, which start from the lower three to four ribs (they go between the teeth of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen) and ° t of the lower angle of the scapula. Covering the lower angle of the scapula from behind with its lower bundles, the latissimus dorsi muscle sharply bends, spirally bends around the large round muscle, the posterior edge of the axillary fossa passes into a flat thick shoulder "Ie" which is attached to the crest of the small tubercle of the humerus. Near the point of attachment, the muscle covers behind the vessels and nerves located in the axillary fossa. It is separated from the large round muscle by the synovial bag.
Function: brings the arm to the body and turns it inward (pronation), unbends the shoulder; lowers the raised hand; if the arms are fixed (on the crossbar - the horizontal bar), pulls the torso to them (when climbing, swimming).
Innervation: n. thoracodorsalis (Civ- Soup).
Blood supply: a. thoracodorsalis, a. circumflexa humeri posterior, aa. intercostales posteriores.
Muscle that lifts the scapulaT.levdior scapulae, begins with tendon bundles from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper three or four cervical vertebrae (between the attachment points of the middle scalene muscle - in front and the belt muscle of the neck - behind). Heading down, the muscle attaches to the medial edge of the scapula, between its upper angle and the spine of the scapula. In its upper third, the muscle is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and in the lower third by the trapezius muscle. Directly anterior to the levator scapula muscle, the nerve to the rhomboid muscle and the deep branch of the transverse artery of the neck pass.
Function: raises the scapula, at the same time bringing it closer to the spine; with a strengthened scapula, it tilts the cervical part of the spine in its direction.
Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. cervicalis ascendens.
Small and large rhomboid muscles,tt.rhomboidei minor et major, often grow together and form one muscle. The small rhomboid muscle starts from the lower part of the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the VII cervical and I thoracic vertebrae and from the supraspinous ligament. Its bundles pass obliquely - from top to bottom and laterally and are attached to the medial edge of the scapula, above the level of the spine of the scapula.
The rhomboid muscle originates from the spinous processes of the II-V thoracic vertebrae; attached to the medial edge of the scapula - from the level of the spine of the scapula to its lower angle.
The rhomboid muscles, located deeper than the trapezius muscle, themselves cover the back of the superior serratus posterior muscle and partly the muscle that straightens the spine.
Function: brings the scapula closer to the spine, while simultaneously moving it upward.
Innervation: n. dorsalis scapulae (Civ-Cv).
Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. suprasca-pularis, aa. intercostales posteriores.
Two thin flat muscles are attached to the ribs - the upper and lower posterior dentate muscles (Fig. 118).
Serratus superior posterior muscleT.serratus posterior superior, located in front of the rhomboid muscles, begins in the form of a flat tendon plate from the lower part of the nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of the VI-VII cervical and I-II thoracic vertebrae. Going obliquely from top to bottom and laterally, it is attached with separate teeth to the back surface of the II-V ribs, outward from their corners.
Function: raises the ribs.
Innervation: nn. intercostales (Thi-Thiv).
Blood supply: a. intercostales posteriores, a. cervicalis profunda.
Serratus posterior inferior,T.serratus posterior inferior, lies in front of the latissimus dorsi, begins with a tendon plate from the spinous processes of the XI-XII thoracic and I-II lumbar vertebrae; closely fused with the superficial plate of the lumbar-thoracic fascia and the beginning of the latissimus dorsi. It is attached by separate muscular teeth to the four lower ribs.
Function: lowers the ribs.
Innervation: pp. intercostales (Thix-Thxn).
Blood supply: a. intercostales posteriores.
DEEPMUSCLESBACKS
The deep muscles of the back form three layers: superficial, medium and deep. The superficial layer is represented by the belt muscle of the head, the belt muscle of the neck and the muscle that straightens the spine; middle layer - transverse spinous muscle; the deep layer is formed by the interspinous, intertransverse and suboccipital muscles.
The greatest development is achieved by the muscles of the surface layer, which belong to the type of strong muscles that perform predominantly static work. They extend all over the back and back of the neck from the sacrum to the occipital bone. The places of origin and attachment of these muscles occupy vast surfaces and therefore, during contraction, the muscles develop great strength, holding the spine in an upright position, which serves as a support for the head, ribs, viscera and upper limbs.
The muscles of the middle layer are oriented obliquely, they are thrown from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. They form several layers, and in the deepest layer, the muscle bundles are the shortest and are attached to adjacent vertebrae; the more superficially the muscle bundles lie, the longer they are and through a greater number of vertebrae they are thrown (from 5 to 6).
In the deepest (third) layer, short muscles are located between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae. They are not present at all levels of the spine, they are well developed in the most mobile parts of the spinal column: cervical, lumbar and lower thoracic. This - deep - layer should include the muscles located in the back of the neck and acting on the atlanto-occipital joint. They are called the suboccipital muscles.
The deep muscles of the back become visible after the superficial muscles are cut in layers and crossed: the latissimus dorsi and the trapezius muscle - in the middle between the points of their origin and attachment (Fig. 119).
belt head muscle, T.splenius capitalism, located directly anterior to the upper parts of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It starts from the lower half of the ligament (below the level of the IV cervical vertebra), from the spinous processes of the VII cervical and upper three to four thoracic vertebrae. 1 The bundles of this muscle pass upward and laterally and are attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the rough area under the lateral segment of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
Function: with bilateral contraction, the muscles unbend the cervical spine and head; with unilateral contraction, the muscle turns its head in its direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical spinal nerves (Ssh - Cvin).
Belt muscle of the neck,T.splenius cervicis, starts from the spinous processes of III-IV thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the two or three upper cervical vertebrae, covering the beginning of the bundles of the muscle that lifts the scapula from behind. It is located in front of the trapezius muscle.
Function: with simultaneous contraction, the muscles unbend the cervical part of the spine, with unilateral contraction, the muscle turns the cervical part of the spine in its direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical spinal nerves (Ciii-Cviii).
Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. cervicalis profunda.
Muscle, straightening the spine T.erector spinae. This is the strongest of the autochthonous muscles of the back, extending along the entire length of the spine - from the sacrum to the base of the skull. Lies anterior to the trapezius, rhomboid, serratus posterior, latissimus dorsi muscles. Behind it is covered with a superficial sheet of the lumbar-thoracic fascia. It begins with thick and strong tendon bundles from the dorsal surface of the sacrum, spinous processes, supraspinous ligaments, lumbar, XII and XI thoracic vertebrae, posterior segment of the iliac crest and lumbar-thoracic fascia. Part of the tendon bundles, starting in the sacrum, merges with the bundles of the sacrotuberous and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments.
At the level of the upper lumbar vertebrae, the muscle is divided into three paths: lateral, intermediate and medial. Each tract gets its name: the lateral one becomes the iliocostal muscle, the intermediate one becomes the spinous muscle. Each of these muscles, in turn, is divided into parts.
Structural features of the muscle that straightens the spine have developed in the course of anthropogenesis in connection with upright posture. The fact that the muscle is strongly developed and has a common origin on the pelvic bones, and above is divided into separate tracts, attached widely on the vertebrae, ribs and on the base of the skull, can be explained by the fact that it performs the most important function - it holds the body in an upright position. At the same time, the division of the muscle into separate tracts, the division of the latter at different levels of the dorsal side of the body into shorter muscles that have a shorter length between the points of origin and attachment, allows the muscle to act selectively. So, for example, when the iliocostal muscle of the lower back is contracted, the corresponding ribs are pulled downward and thereby a support is created for the manifestation of the force of the action of the diaphragm during its contraction, etc.
iliocostalis muscle,T.iliocostalis (see Fig. 119), is the most lateral part of the muscle that straightens the spine. It starts from the iliac crest, the inner surface of the superficial plate of the lumbothoracic fascia. Passes upward along the posterior surface of the ribs laterally from the corners of the latter to the transverse processes of the lower (VII- IV) cervical vertebrae. According to the location of individual parts of the muscle in different areas, it is divided into the iliocostal muscle of the lower back, the iliocostal muscle of the chest and the iliocostal muscle of the neck.
Iliocostal muscle of the lumbar, m.iliocostalis lumbo-git, starts from the iliac crest, the inner surface of the superficial plate of the lumbar-thoracic fascia, is attached by separate flat tendons to the corners of the lower six ribs.
The iliocostal muscle of the chest, m.iliocostalis thoracis, starts from the six lower ribs, medially from the places of attachment of the iliocostal muscle of the lower back. Attaches to the upper six ribs in the area of the corners and to the posterior surface of the transverse process VII cervical vertebra.
The iliocostal muscle of the neck, m.iliocostalis cervicis, starts from corners III, IV, V and VI ribs (inward from the places of attachment of the iliocostal muscle of the chest). It is attached to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the VI-IV cervical vertebrae.
Function: together with the rest of the erector spinae muscle, it extends the spine; with unilateral contraction, tilts the spine to its side, lowers
ribs. The lower bundles of this muscle, pulling and strengthening the ribs, create support for the diaphragm.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (Civ-Lin).
/ tx. longissimus muscle,T.longissimus, - the largest of the three muscles that form the muscle that straightens the spine. It is located medially to the iliocostal muscle, between it and the spinous muscle. It contains the longest muscles of the chest, neck and head.
Longissimus pectoralis muscle, m.longissimus thoracis (see Fig. 119), has the greatest extent. The muscle originates from the posterior surface of the sacrum, the transverse processes of the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the back surface of the lower nine ribs, between their tubercles and corners, and to the tops of the transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae (muscle bundles).
The longissimus muscle of the neck, m.longissimus cervicis, begins with long tendons from the tops of the transverse processes of the upper five thoracic vertebrae. Attaches to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes VI-II cervical vertebrae.
The longissimus muscle of the head, m.longissimus capitalism, begins with tendon bundles from the transverse processes of I- III breast and III-VII cervical vertebrae. It is attached to the posterior surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone under the tendons of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the splenius muscle of the head.
Function: the longest muscles of the chest and neck unbend the spine and tilt it to the side; the longest muscle of the head unbends the latter, turns the face in its direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (Ci - Lv).
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. inter-costales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
spinous muscle,T.spindlis (see Fig. 119), - the most medial of the three parts of the muscle that straightens the spine. Adjacent directly to the spinous processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae. In it, respectively, the spinous muscle of the chest, the spinous muscle of the neck and the spinous muscle of the head are distinguished.
spinous muscle of the chest,m. spindlis thoracis, begins with 3-4 tendons from the spinous processes II and I lumbar, XII and XI thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the spinous processes of the upper eight thoracic vertebrae. The muscle is fused with the underlying semispinalis muscle of the chest.
spinous muscle of the neck,m. spinalis cervicis, starts from the spinous process I and II chest VII cervical vertebra and lower segment of the ligament. Attaches to the spinous process II(Sometimes III and IV) the cervical vertebra.
spinous muscle of the head,m. spinalis capitalism, begins in thin bundles from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae, rises up and attaches to the occipital bone near the external occipital protrusion. Often this muscle is missing.
Function: unbends the spine
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves (Csh-Ln).
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. inter-costales posteriores.
function throughout muscles that straighten the spineT.erector spinae, accurately reflects its name. Since the component parts of the muscle originate on the vertebrae, it can act as an extensor of the spine and head, being an antagonist of the anterior muscles of the trunk. Contracting in separate parts on both sides, this muscle can lower the ribs, unbend the spine, and tilt the head back. With unilateral contraction, it tilts the spine in the same direction. The muscle also shows great strength when bending the torso, when it performs yielding work and prevents the body from falling forward under the action of ventrally located muscles, which have a greater leverage on the spinal column than dorsally located muscles.
transverse spinous muscle,T. transversospindlis . This muscle is represented by many layered muscle bundles that run obliquely upward from the lateral to the medial side from the transverse to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. The muscle bundles of the transverse spinous muscle are of unequal length and, spreading through a different number of vertebrae, form separate muscles: semispinous, multifid and rotator muscles.
At the same time, according to the area occupied throughout the spinal column, each of these muscles, in turn, is subdivided into separate muscles, named after their location on the dorsal side of the trunk, neck and occipital region. In this sequence, individual parts of the transverse spinous muscle are considered.
semispinalis muscle,T.semispinalis, has the appearance of long muscle bundles, starts from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae, spreads through four to six vertebrae and attaches to the spinous processes. It is divided into semispinalis muscles of the chest, neck and head.
semispinalis muscle of the chest,m. semispinalis thoracis, starts from the transverse processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae; attached to the spinous processes of the four upper thoracic and two lower cervical vertebrae.
Semispinous muscle of the neck, m.semispinalis cervicis, originates from the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae; attached to the spinous processes of the V-II cervical vertebrae.
semispinalis muscle of the head,m. semispinalis capitalism, wide, thick, starts from the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae (outward from the long muscles of the head and neck); attached to the occipital bone between the upper and lower nuchal lines. The muscle behind is covered by the belt and longest muscles of the head; deeper and anterior to it lies the semispinalis muscle of the neck.
Function: semispinalis muscles of the chest and neck unbend the thoracic and cervical sections of the spinal column; with unilateral contraction, these departments are rotated in the opposite direction. The semispinous muscle of the head throws the head back, turning (with one-sided contraction) the face in the opposite direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves (Csh-Thxii).
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. intercos-tales posteriores.
multifidus muscles,mm. multifidi, are muscular-tendon bundles that start from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae and attach to the spinous processes of the overlying ones. These muscles, spreading over two to four vertebrae, occupy grooves on the sides of the spinous processes of the vertebrae along the entire length of the spinal column, starting from the sacrum to the II cervical vertebra. They lie directly in front of the semispinalis and longissimus muscles.
Function: rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis, participate in extension and tilt it to the side.
Innervation: posterior branches of the spinal nerves (Cn, -Si).
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. inter-costales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Muscles - rotators of the neck, chest and lower back,tt.rotators cervicis, thoracis et lumborum, make up the deepest layer of the muscles of the back, occupying the groove between the spinous and transverse processes. The rotator muscles are better expressed within the thoracic spine. According to the length of the bundles, the rotator muscles are divided into long and short. The long rotator muscles start from the transverse processes and attach to the bases of the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, spreading over one vertebra. Short rotator muscles are located between adjacent vertebrae.
Function: rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. intercos-tales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Interspinous muscles of the neck, chest and lower back,tt.interspi- nales cervicis, thordcis et lumborum, connect the spinous processes of the vertebrae with each other starting from the II cervical and below. They are better developed in the cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal column, which are characterized by the greatest mobility. In the thoracic part of the spine, these muscles are weakly expressed (may be absent).
Function: participate in the extension of the corresponding parts of the spine.
Innervation: posterior branches of the spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a cervicalis profunda, aa. intercos-tales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Intertransversemuscleslower back, chestAndneck, mm, intertransversarii lumborum, thordcis et cervicis, are represented by short bundles that are thrown between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae. Better expressed at the level of the lumbar and cervical spine.
The transverse muscles of the lower back are divided into lateral and medial, tt.intertransversarii laterdles et media tes lumborum. In the neck area, the anterior (thrown between the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes) and the posterior transverse muscles of the neck are distinguished, tt.intertransversarii anteriores et posteriores cervicis. The latter have a medial part, pars medialis, and the lateral part pars lateralis.
Function: tilt the corresponding sections of the spinal column in their direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. intercosta-les posteriores, aa. lumbales.
BACK FACIA
The superficial fascia covering the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles is weakly expressed. Well-developed lumbar-thoracic fascia fascia thoracolumbalis, which covers the deep muscles of the back.
At different levels, this fascia is expressed differently. It is most developed in the lumbar region, where it is represented by superficial and deep plates that form a fascial sheath for the muscle that straightens the spine.
The superficial plate of the lumbothoracic fascia is attached to the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, to the supraspinous ligaments and to the median sacral crest. The deep plate of this fascia is attached on the medial side to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and intertransverse ligaments, below - to the iliac crest, above - to the lower edge of the XII rib and the lumbocostal ligament.
At the lateral edge of the muscle that straightens the spine, the superficial and deep plates of the lumbar-thoracic fascia are combined into one. The deep plate of the lumbothoracic fascia separates the erector spinae muscle from the quadratus lumborum. Within the chest wall, the lumbar-thoracic fascia is represented by a thin plate that separates the erector spinae muscle from the more superficially located muscles. Medially, this fascia is attached to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, laterally, to the corners of the ribs. In the posterior (exudate) region of the neck, between the muscles located here, there is exudate fascia, fascia nuchae
The superficial muscles of the back are attached to the skeleton of the shoulder girdle and to the humerus and are arranged in two layers. The first layer is made up of the trapezius muscle a and the latissimus dorsi muscle, the second is the large and small rhomboid muscles and the muscle that lifts the scapula.
Trapezius muscle, t. trapezius, flat, triangular in shape, with a wide base facing the posterior median line, occupies the upper back and back of the neck. It starts with short tendon bundles from the external occipital protrusion, the medial third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, from the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the VII cervical vertebra and all thoracic vertebrae, and from the supraspinous ligament. From the places where the muscle bundles begin, they are directed, noticeably converging, in the lateral direction and are attached to the bones of the shoulder girdle. The upper bundle "and muscles pass down and laterally, end on the posterior surface of the outer third of the clavicle. The middle bundles are oriented horizontally, pass from the spinous processes of the vertebrae outward and attach to the acromion and scapular spine. The lower bundles of muscle follow upward and laterally, pass into the tendon plate, which is attached to the scapular spine.The tendon origin of the trapezius muscle is more pronounced at the level of the lower border of the neck, where the muscle has the greatest width.At the level of the spinous process of the VII cervical vertebra, the muscles of both sides form a well-defined tendon platform, which is found in the form of an impression in a living person.
Function: simultaneous contraction of all parts of the trapezius muscle with a fixed spine brings the scapula closer to the spine; upper bundles of muscle raise the scapula; upper and lower beams with simultaneous reduction,. forming a pair of forces, rotate the scapula around the sagittal axis: the lower angle of the scapula is displaced forward and in the lateral direction, and the lateral angle - upward and medially. With a strengthened shoulder blade and contraction on both sides, the muscle unbends the cervical spine and tilts the head back; with unilateral contraction, it slightly turns the face in the opposite direction.
Innervation: n. accessorius, plexus cervicalis.
Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. occipitalis, a. suprascapularis, aa. intercostales posteriores.
The latissimus dorsi muscle, t. latissimus dorsi, flat, triangular in shape, occupies the lower half of the back on the corresponding side.
The muscle lies superficially, with the exception of the upper edge, which is hidden under the lower part of the trapezius muscle. Below, the lateral edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle forms the medial side of the lumbar triangle (the lateral side of this triangle forms the edge of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, the lower one is the iliac crest. It starts as an aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae (together with the superficial plate of the lumbothoracic fascia) , from the iliac crest and median sacral crest. The muscle bundles follow upward and laterally, converging towards the lower border of the axillary fossa. At the top, muscle bundles join the muscle, which start from the lower three to four ribs (they go between the teeth of the external oblique abdominal muscle) and from the lower angle of the scapula.Near the site of attachment, the muscle covers the back of the vessels and nerves located in the axillary fossa.It is separated from the large round muscle by the synovial bag.
Function: brings the arm to the body and turns it inward (pronation), unbends the shoulder; lowers the raised hand; if the arms are fixed (on the crossbar - the horizontal bar), pulls the torso to them (when climbing, swimming).
Innervation: n. thoracodorsalis.
Blood supply: a. thoracodorsalis, a. circumflexa humeri posterior, aa. intercostales posteriores.
Muscle that lifts the scapula, t. levdior scapulae, begins with tendon bundles from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper three or four cervical vertebrae (between the attachment points of the middle scalene muscle - in front and the belt muscle of the neck - behind). Heading down, the muscle attaches to the medial edge of the scapula, between its upper angle and the spine of the scapula. In its upper third, the muscle is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and in the lower third by the trapezius muscle. Directly anterior to the levator scapula muscle, the nerve to the rhomboid muscle and the deep branch of the transverse artery of the neck pass.
Function: raises the scapula, at the same time bringing it closer to the spine; with a strengthened scapula, it tilts the cervical part of the spine in its direction.
Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. cervicalis ascendens.
Rhomboid muscles minor and major, mm. rhomboidei minor et major, often grow together and form one muscle. The small rhomboid muscle starts from the lower part of the nuchal ligament, the spinous processes of the VII cervical and I thoracic vertebrae and from the supraspinous ligament. Its bundles pass obliquely - from top to bottom and laterally and are attached to the medial edge of the scapula, above the level of the spine of the scapula.
The rhomboid muscle originates from the spinous processes of the II-V thoracic vertebrae; attached to the medial edge of the scapula - from the level of the spine of the scapula to its lower angle.
The rhomboid muscles, located deeper than the trapezius muscle, themselves cover the back of the superior serratus posterior muscle and partly the muscle that straightens the spine.
Function: brings the scapula closer to the spine, while simultaneously moving it upward.
Innervation: n. dorsalis scapulae.
Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. suprasca-pularis, aa. intercostales posteriores.
Two thin flat muscles are attached to the ribs - the upper and lower serratus posterior.
IN serratus posterior superior, t. serratus posterior superior, located in front of the rhomboid muscles, begins in the form of a flat tendon plate from the lower part of the nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of the VI-VII cervical and I-II thoracic vertebrae. Going obliquely from top to bottom and laterally, it is attached with separate teeth to the back surface of the II-V ribs, outward from their corners.
Function: raises the ribs.
Innervation: nn. intercostals.
Blood supply: a. intercostales posteriores, a. cervicalis profunda.
Serratus posterior inferior, t. serratus posterior inferior, lies in front of the latissimus dorsi, begins with a tendon plate from the spinous processes of the XI-XII thoracic and I-II lumbar vertebrae; closely fused with the superficial plate of the lumbar-thoracic fascia and the beginning of the latissimus dorsi. It is attached by separate muscular teeth to the four lower ribs.
Function: lowers the ribs.
Innervation: pp. intercostales (Thix-Thxn).
Blood supply: a. intercostales posteriores.
The deep back muscles form three layers: superficial, middle and deep. The superficial layer is represented by the belt muscle of the head, the belt muscle of the neck and the muscle that straightens the spine; middle layer - transverse spinous muscle; the deep layer is formed by the interspinous, intertransverse and suboccipital muscles.
The greatest development is achieved by the muscles of the surface layer, which belong to the type of strong muscles that perform predominantly static work. They extend all over the back and back of the neck from the sacrum to the occipital bone. The places of origin and attachment of these muscles occupy vast surfaces and therefore, during contraction, the muscles develop great strength, holding the spine in an upright position, which serves as a support for the head, ribs, viscera and upper limbs.
The muscles of the middle layer are oriented obliquely, they are thrown from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. They form several layers, and in the deepest layer, the muscle bundles are the shortest and are attached to adjacent vertebrae; the more superficially the muscle bundles lie, the longer they are and through a greater number of vertebrae they are thrown (from 5 to 6).
In the deepest (third) layer, short muscles are located between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae. They are not present at all levels of the spine, they are well developed in the most mobile parts of the spinal column: cervical, lumbar and lower thoracic. This - deep - layer should include the muscles located in the back of the neck and acting on the atlanto-occipital joint. They are called the suboccipital muscles.
The deep muscles of the back become visible after the superficial muscles are dissected in layers and crossed: the latissimus dorsi and the trapezius muscle - in the middle between the points of their origin and attachment.
Belt muscle of the head, t. splenius capitis, located directly anterior to the upper parts of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It starts from the lower half of the ligament (below the level of the IV cervical vertebra), from the spinous processes of the VII cervical and upper three to four thoracic vertebrae. The bundles of this muscle pass upward and laterally and are attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the rough area under the lateral segment of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
Function: with bilateral contraction, the muscles unbend the cervical spine and head; with unilateral contraction, the muscle turns its head in its direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical spinal nerves (Ssh - Cvin).
Belt muscle of the neck, t. splenius cervicis, starts from the spinous processes of III-IV thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the two or three upper cervical vertebrae, covering the beginning of the bundles of the muscle that lifts the scapula from behind. It is located in front of the trapezius muscle.
Function: with simultaneous contraction, the muscles unbend the cervical part of the spine, with unilateral contraction, the muscle turns the cervical part of the spine in its direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical spinal nerves (Ciii-Cviii).
Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. cervicalis profunda.
Muscle that straightens the spine t. erector spinae . This is the strongest of the autochthonous muscles of the back, extending along the entire length of the spine - from the sacrum to the base of the skull. Lies anterior to the trapezius, rhomboid, serratus posterior, latissimus dorsi muscles. Behind it is covered with a superficial sheet of the lumbar-thoracic fascia. It begins with thick and strong tendon bundles from the dorsal surface of the sacrum, spinous processes, supraspinous ligaments, lumbar, XII and XI thoracic vertebrae, posterior segment of the iliac crest and lumbar-thoracic fascia. Part of the tendon bundles, starting in the sacrum, merges with the bundles of the sacrotuberous and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments.
At the level of the upper lumbar vertebrae, the muscle is divided into three tracts: lateral, intermediate and medial. Each tract gets its name: the lateral one becomes the iliocostal muscle, the intermediate one becomes the spinous muscle. Each of these muscles, in turn, is divided into parts.
Structural features of the muscle that straightens the spine have developed in the course of anthropogenesis in connection with upright posture. The fact that the muscle is strongly developed and has a common origin on the pelvic bones, and above is divided into separate tracts, attached widely on the vertebrae, ribs and on the base of the skull, can be explained by the fact that it performs the most important function - it holds the body in an upright position. At the same time, the division of the muscle into separate tracts, the division of the latter at different levels of the dorsal side of the body into shorter muscles that have a shorter length between the points of origin and attachment, allows the muscle to act selectively. So, for example, when the iliocostal muscle of the lower back is contracted, the corresponding ribs are pulled downward and thereby a support is created for the manifestation of the force of the action of the diaphragm during its contraction, etc.
Iliocostal muscle, t. iliocostalis, is the most lateral part of the muscle that straightens the spine. It starts from the iliac crest, the inner surface of the superficial plate of the lumbothoracic fascia. Passes upward along the posterior surface of the ribs laterally from the corners of the latter to the transverse processes of the lower (VII-IV) cervical vertebrae. According to the location of individual parts of the muscle in different areas, it is divided into the iliocostal muscle of the lower back, the iliocostal muscle of the chest and the iliocostal muscle of the neck.
Iliocostal muscle of the lower back, t. iliocostalis lumbogit, starts from the iliac crest, the inner surface of the superficial plate of the lumbar-thoracic fascia, is attached by separate flat tendons to the corners of the lower six ribs.
Iliocostal muscle of the chest, t. iliocostalis thoracis, starts from the six lower ribs, medially from the places of attachment of the iliocostal muscle of the lower back. Attaches to the upper six ribs in the area of the corners and to the posterior surface of the transverse process VII cervical vertebra.
Iliocostal muscle of the neck, t. iliocostalis cervicis, starts from corners III, IV, V and VI ribs (inward from the places of attachment of the iliocostal muscle of the chest). It is attached to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the VI-IV cervical vertebrae.
Function: together with the rest of the erector spinae muscle, it extends the spine; with unilateral contraction, tilts the spine to its side, lowers
ribs. The lower bundles of this muscle, pulling and strengthening the ribs, create support for the diaphragm.
Longissimus muscle, t. longissimus,- the largest of the three muscles that form the muscle that straightens the spine. It is located medially to the iliocostal muscle, between it and the spinous muscle. It contains the longest muscles of the chest, neck and head.
The longissimus muscle of the chest, t. longissimus thoracis, has the greatest extent. The muscle originates from the posterior surface of the sacrum, the transverse processes of the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the back surface of the lower nine ribs, between their tubercles and corners, and to the tops of the transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae (muscle bundles).
The longissimus muscle of the neck, t. longissimus cervicis, begins with long tendons from the tops of the transverse processes of the upper five thoracic vertebrae. Attaches to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes VI-II cervical vertebrae.
The longissimus muscle of the head, t. longissimus capitis, begins with tendon bundles from the transverse processes I-III breast and III-VII cervical vertebrae. It is attached to the posterior surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone under the tendons of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the splenius muscle of the head.
Function: the longest muscles of the chest and neck unbend the spine and tilt it to the side; the longest muscle of the head unbends the latter, turns the face in its direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. inter-costales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Spinalis muscle, t. spindlis, - the most medial of the three parts of the muscle that straightens the spine. Adjacent directly to the spinous processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae. In it, respectively, the spinous muscle of the chest, the spinous muscle of the neck and the spinous muscle of the head are distinguished.
Spinous muscle of the chest, m. spindlis thoracis, begins with 3-4 tendons from the spinous processes II and I lumbar, XII and XI thoracic vertebrae. It is attached to the spinous processes of the upper eight thoracic vertebrae. The muscle is fused with the underlying semispinalis muscle of the chest.
Spinous muscle of the neck, m. spinalis cervicis, starts from the spinous process I and II chest VII cervical vertebra and lower segment of the ligament. Attaches to the spinous process II(Sometimes III and IV) of the cervical vertebra.
Spinous muscle of the head, m. spinalis capitis, begins in thin bundles from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae, rises up and attaches to the occipital bone near the external occipital protrusion. Often this muscle is missing.
Function: unbends the spine
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. inter-costales posteriores.
function throughout muscles that straighten the spine, t. erector spinae, accurately reflects its name. Since the component parts of the muscle originate on the vertebrae, it can act as an extensor of the spine and head, being an antagonist of the anterior muscles of the trunk. Contracting in separate parts on both sides, this muscle can lower the ribs, unbend the spine, and tilt the head back. With unilateral contraction, it tilts the spine in the same direction. The muscle also shows great strength when bending the torso, when it performs yielding work and prevents the body from falling forward under the action of ventrally located muscles, which have a greater leverage on the spinal column than dorsally located muscles.
Transverse spinous muscle, t. transversospindlis. This muscle is represented by many layered muscle bundles that run obliquely upward from the lateral to the medial side from the transverse to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. The muscle bundles of the transverse spinous muscle are of unequal length and, spreading through a different number of vertebrae, form separate muscles: semispinous, multifid and rotator muscles.
At the same time, according to the area occupied throughout the spinal column, each of these muscles, in turn, is subdivided into separate muscles, named after their location on the dorsal side of the trunk, neck and occipital region. In this sequence, individual parts of the transverse spinous muscle are considered.
Semispinalis muscle, t. semispinalis, has the appearance of long muscle bundles, starts from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae, spreads through four to six vertebrae and attaches to the spinous processes. It is divided into semispinalis muscles of the chest, neck and head.
Semispinous muscle of the chest, m. semispinalis thoracis, starts from the transverse processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae; attached to the spinous processes of the four upper thoracic and two lower cervical vertebrae.
Semispinalis muscle of the neck, t. semispinalis cervicis, originates from the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae; attached to the spinous processes of the V-II cervical vertebrae.
Semispinous muscle of the head, m. semispinalis capitis, wide, thick, starts from the transverse processes of the six upper thoracic and articular processes of the four lower cervical vertebrae (outward from the long muscles of the head and neck); attached to the occipital bone between the upper and lower nuchal lines. The muscle behind is covered by the belt and longest muscles of the head; deeper and anterior to it lies the semispinalis muscle of the neck.
Function: semispinalis muscles of the chest and neck unbend the thoracic and cervical sections of the spinal column; with unilateral contraction, these departments are rotated in the opposite direction. The semispinous muscle of the head throws the head back, turning (with one-sided contraction) the face in the opposite direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. intercos-tales posteriores.
Multifid muscles, mm. multifidi, are muscular-tendon bundles that start from the transverse processes of the underlying vertebrae and attach to the spinous processes of the overlying ones. These muscles, spreading over two to four vertebrae, occupy grooves on the sides of the spinous processes of the vertebrae along the entire length of the spinal column, starting from the sacrum to the II cervical vertebra. They lie directly in front of the semispinalis and longissimus muscles.
Function: rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis, participate in extension and tilt it to the side.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. inter-costales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Muscles - rotators of the neck, chest and lower back, mm. rotatores cervicis, thoracis and lumborum, make up the deepest layer of the muscles of the back, occupying the groove between the spinous and transverse processes. The rotator muscles are better expressed within the thoracic spine. According to the length of the bundles, the rotator muscles are divided into long and short. The long rotator muscles start from the transverse processes and attach to the bases of the spinous processes of the overlying vertebrae, spreading over one vertebra. Short rotator muscles are located between adjacent vertebrae.
Function: rotate the spinal column around its longitudinal axis. Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. intercos-tales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Interspinous muscles of the neck, chest and lower back, mm. interspi-nales cervicis, thordcis et lumborum, connect the spinous processes of the vertebrae with each other starting from the II cervical and below. They are better developed in the cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal column, which are characterized by the greatest mobility. In the thoracic part of the spine, these muscles are weakly expressed (may be absent).
Function: participate in the extension of the corresponding parts of the spine.
Innervation: posterior branches of the spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a cervicalis profunda, aa. intercos-tales posteriores, aa. lumbales.
Intertransverse muscles of the lower back, chest and neck, mm, intertransversarii lumborum, thordcis et cervicis, are represented by short bundles that are thrown between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae. Better expressed at the level of the lumbar and cervical spine.
The transverse muscles of the lower back are divided into lateral and medial, tt. intertransversarii laterdles et mediates lumborum . In the neck area, the anterior (thrown between the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes) and the posterior transverse muscles of the neck are distinguished, tt. intertransversarii anteriores et posteriores cervicis. The latter have a medial part, pars medialis, and the lateral part pars lateralis.
Function: tilt the corresponding sections of the spinal column in their direction.
Innervation: posterior branches of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, aa. intercosta-les posteriores, aa. lumbales.
The superficial fascia covering the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles is weakly expressed. Well-developed lumbar-thoracic fascia fascia thoracolumbalis, which covers the deep muscles of the back.
At different levels, this fascia is expressed differently. It is most developed in the lumbar region, where it is represented by superficial and deep plates that form a fascial sheath for the muscle that straightens the spine.
The superficial plate of the lumbothoracic fascia is attached to the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, to the supraspinous ligaments and to the median sacral crest. The deep plate of this fascia is attached on the medial side to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and intertransverse ligaments, below - to the iliac crest, above - to the lower edge of the XII rib and the lumbocostal ligament.
At the lateral edge of the muscle that straightens the spine, the superficial and deep plates of the lumbar-thoracic fascia are combined into one. The deep plate of the lumbothoracic fascia separates the erector spinae muscle from the quadratus lumborum. Within the chest wall, the lumbar-thoracic fascia is represented by a thin plate that separates the erector spinae muscle from the more superficially located muscles. Medially, this fascia is attached to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, laterally, to the corners of the ribs. In the posterior (exudate) region of the neck, between the muscles located here, there is exudate fascia, fascia nuchae.